The French president is pushing for greater fiscal integration among the 19 nations that now use the euro as a way to address at least some of those shortcomings. With Germany indicating an openness to Macron’s calls, the political stars may be aligning to overhaul the euro, and so reboot the European Union.
According to Bloomberg, here are some of the proposals on the table, and the hurdles to their adoption:
A common budget
Macron has proposed the creation of a euro-area budget, aiming to help fund investments to boost growth, provide emergency financial assistance and streamline the bloc’s response to economic crises. While nations would still have discretion over their own budgets, this common pool of resources could be a boon during periods of financial turmoil and would reduce reliance on the European Central Bank to stimulate the euro-zone economy. Access to this budget would be contingent on states sticking to the bloc’s rules.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel has said she’s open to the idea. “I’ve personally always said: it depends on how,” Merkel said during a July 13 press conference in Paris. “I have nothing against a euro-area budget. I have proposed in 2012 a smaller euro-area budget and failed miserably.”
“I’m very glad that this idea is being introduced again,” she said.
A single finance minister
Macron has also proposed creating the role of a finance chief for the euro area, an idea long supported by German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble. This person would be responsible for a budget and could operate under the supervision of the European Parliament. Schaeuble has said that such a change would require adjusting EU treaties, which isn’t realistic at the moment.
Which countries support the plans?
The common budget and finance minister proposals have the backing of countries such as Spain and Italy, which have said such steps are important in order to strengthen the bloc and to shield it from future crises. The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, has also voiced support for this idea.
Progress to date
The euro has had a tricky decade. Since the onset of the European debt crisis, five of the bloc’s members had to be bailed out and Greece nearly left the euro in 2015 amid financial mismanagement, political brinkmanship and a ballooning deficit. But since the peak of the turmoil, many of the key structural weaknesses have been addressed, mainly through the creation of a banking union: a set of new structures and regulations that centralized the supervision and resolution framework for the bloc’s biggest lenders. And while budget rules have also been strengthened, more controversial reforms have been put on the back burner for lack of political will.
Debt sharing
Perhaps the most controversial proposal is the issuance of debt that would be guaranteed by the euro states, an idea that has been rejected by Schaeuble as putting too much risk on taxpayers. In an effort to quell objections, the commission floated the creation of so-called European Safe Assets, a financial instrument that would bundle sovereign debt from across the currency bloc so it can be sold to investors as one product.
A European Monetary Fund
One idea supported by large euro-area members including Germany is to turn the Luxembourg-based European Stability Mechanism -- the euro-area bailout fund -- into a European Monetary Fund by giving it greater power on fiscal monitoring and more say over future rescue programs. This would allow the fund to monitor the finances of countries that are in trouble and oversee future bailouts, a move that could take some powers away from the European Commission, which is in charge of fiscal surveillance. Giving the ESM a broader remit would also hand more powers to the fund’s board of governors -- euro-area finance ministers themselves. Germany is in favor, pushing to strengthen the role of the fund, while the commission would most likely prefer to keep as many of its powers concentrated in Brussels.
Completing the banking union
Many officials argue that the most crucial reforms are in the field of financial regulation. This primarily means concluding the so-called third leg of the banking union: a common deposit guarantee framework. Germany has so far resisted, concerned that its taxpayers might end up responsible for problems lurking on bank balance sheets in other countries. Instead, Berlin is seeking risk reduction among member states through limiting lenders’ exposure to government debt. But this idea has few supporters (beyond Germany, only Finland and the Netherlands have been in favor) and has been vehemently opposed by other countries such as Italy. States are also trying to complete the establishment of a common financial backstop to the single resolution fund, an entity designed to foot the bill for winding down failed banks. While the commission and countries including France and Italy have been pushing for the ESM to offer a credit line for that backstop, Germany has been strongly opposed.
What chance of a compromise?
Merkel has publicly acknowledged the need to take some steps toward more integration. While it’s highly unlikely that any movement will take place before German elections on Sept. 24, talks on these issues could progress soon after a government is formed -- assuming the coalition is willing. While Berlin’s reservations persist, Macron’s election has helped galvanize the German government in some areas where it had until recently dug in its heels. The chancellor’s key opponent, Social Democrat leader Martin Schulz, is a former European Parliament president keen for closer EU integration who would likely assist Macron’s initiatives. And a Merkel win would give fresh momentum to the already reinvigorated Franco-German dynamic, allowing the euro area’s two core members to take more initiative, especially on the less controversial outstanding reforms. After all, even if the two sides don’t see eye to eye on all the open issues, they agree that a stronger euro area will be better equipped to handle the next financial or political crisis.