The overwhelming majority of growth came from the non-oil sectors out of which more than half can be attributed to services growing by 4.4%. Oil, agriculture and services sectors are now back above the levels of activity they were prior to UN sanctions in 2012.
But in the past two years, there has not been a strong bounce back in key sectors such as construction and trade, restaurant and hotel services following their post-2012 stagnation and the overhang from the problems of the banking sector.
The oil and gas sector witnessed a growth of 0.9%, limited by the OPEC+ quota for the agreed period, the World Bank said in a new report. According to Financial Tribune, below is the full text:
The government managed to narrow the fiscal deficit to 1.8% in 2017-18, as oil revenue increased and the growth rate of expenditures eased, especially in real terms. Similar to the previous year, lower than expected realized government revenues came at the expense of lower capital expenditures (5.5% of GDP) in 2017-18.
Government debt issuances to finance gross borrowing requirements remained high as a share of revenues (13.9%) in 2017-18, but lower than the record level in the previous year (19%).
The current account surplus fell from 3.9% of GDP in 2016-17 to 3.5% of GDP in 2017-18, as Iran’s oil production initially slowed in 2018. Real export growth of goods and services was 1.8% in 2017-18, down from 41.3%, while real import growth was 13.4% in 2017-18.
Iran’s non-oil exports have risen in recent years from 6% of GDP in 2012-13 to 10% of GDP in 2017-18.
In April, the government’s unification of the official and parallel rates short-lived the impact. The parallel market rate has fluctuated on expectations of dollar shortage, as the US pulled out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in May.
By August, the rial had devalued by 172% over the past 12 months, rising above 100,000 rials per dollar. This has contributed to the measured inflation rate returning to 18% in July, a rate last seen in March 2014.
For the quarter ending in June 2018, the unemployment rate improved to 12.1%, as employment growth remained above 3% year on year for six consecutive quarters, leading to more than 790,000 jobs being created in 2017-18. The labor force participation rate edged up to 41.1% in June quarter 2018, its highest level in more than 10 years, while the underemployment rate was 10.4%.
Youth (15-24 years) unemployment at 28.3% in June 2018 remains high compared to earlier periods and regional average. Female labor force participation rate continued to improve to around 19.8% in 2017-18.
The country ranks among the top ones that improved the participation of females in the labor force, although considerable differences between male and female labor force indicators remain.
Poverty is estimated to have fallen from about 13% to 8% between 2009 and 2013 ($5.5 a day line in 2011 PPP). This was mainly due to a universal cash transfer program in late 2010, which preceded the elimination of subsidies on energy and bread.
The program more than compensated for the increases in energy expenditures of less well-off households, thus contributing to positive consumption growth of the bottom 40% of the population, with overall consumption growth between 2009 and 2013 being negative. Poverty increased in 2014 to 10.5% and this is associated with declining social assistance in real terms due to inflation.
> Outlook
In the medium term, the economy is set to experience a downward trajectory, as oil exports are expected to fall to half of their 2017-18 levels following the phased reintroduction of US sanctions culminating in November 2018 (Figure 1).
The economy is expected to contract by 1.4% on average between 2017-18 and 2020-21, experiencing a fall in exports and consumption on the demand side and a contraction of the industry sector on the supply side.
Government balances are also expected to deteriorate, as oil revenues account for more than 40% of central government revenues. With exports disrupted, the demand for the US dollar to finance imports and savings are expected to rise and the parallel premium is likely to increase further than the current 150% gap between the official rate and parallel rate.
Higher import prices from the devaluation are expected to push inflation back above 30% in the coming years, as inflationary expectations spiral and consumer sentiment falls leading to once again a period of stagflation for Iran (Figure 2).
Despite the depreciation and drop in imports, the reduction in oil exports is estimated to almost eliminate the current account surplus that is lower than the earlier UN sanctions episode, as oil prices are almost half of the levels they were in 2012-13. The economy’s downward trajectory is also likely to put further pressure on the labor market and reverse recent job creation gains.
Given the political and economic uncertainty facing Iran since 2009, poverty has been volatile, making forecasts less precise. Nevertheless, the falling real value of cash transfers due to inflation may counterbalance the positive impact on wellbeing from economic growth in 2016 and 2017 and exacerbate the impact of predicted negative growth after 2017.
> Risks & Challenges
On the external side, there is uncertainty of the impact of US sanctions, depending on the adaptations of other trade partners. Domestically, the government faces the economic and social challenges of completing adjustment to previous shocks, notably the financial sector restructuring, as well as mitigating the evolving impact of oil export decline.
Weathering these challenges will be key to the continuation of the course of domestic reforms, especially to tap potential in modern services. Combating rent-seeking is now directly linked to macroeconomic challenges, given the scarcity of foreign exchange and the administrative complexities of formal sector trade and payments systems.